-          Comprise of six processes

-          Concerned with coordinating all aspects of the project plan and is highly interactive

-          Involves identifying and defining the work of the project and combining, unifying and integrating the appropriate processes

-          Also takes into account satisfactorily meeting the requirements of the customer and stakeholder and managing their expectations

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-          Project planning, project execution, project work monitoring, and change control occur throughout the project and are repeated continuously while you are working on the project

-          Has two tools for assisting with the process integration:

• Earned Value Management (EVM) – project-integrating methodology used in this Knowledge Area to integrate the processes and measure project performance through a project’s lifecycle
• Project Software Tools

Reference:

PMP Project Management Professional Exam Study Guide, Includes Audio CD

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Repeaters (Layer 1) – amplify signal, no added intelligence, no filtering

Hubs (Layer 1) – used to connect multiple LAN devices, no added intelligence

Bridges (Layer 2)

• Amplifies signal and adds some intelligence
• Forwards the data to all network segments if the Media Access Control (MAC) or hardware address of the destination computer is not on the local network segment
• Automatically forwards all broadcast traffic

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Switches (Layer 2) – Will only send data to the port where the destination MAC address is, not to all ports

Routers (Layer 3) – opens packet and looks at either MAC or IP address and forwards the packet to the destination network

Gateways – primarily software, can be multi-protocol and can examine the entire packet

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Switches – use relay technology and typically used in WANs and CANs.

LAN Extenders

• Remote access multi-layer switch connected to a host router
• Filters based on MAC address, but not capable of firewalling

WAN Technologies

• Rules for communicating between computers on a WAN
• Communications between large disparate networks

Private Circuit Technologies

• Evolved before packet switching networks
• Dedicated analog or digital point-to-point connection
• Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP), Point-to-Pont Protocol (PPP), ISDN and xDSL
• Dedicated Line – indefinitely and continuously reserved for transmissions
• Leased Line – type of dedicated line leased from a carrier

Types and Speeds of Leased Lines

Digital Signal Level 0 (DS0) – single channel at 64KBps on a T1

Digital Signal Level 1 (DS1) – 1.544 MBps in US on a T1 and 2.108 MBps in Europe on an E1

Digital Signal Level 3 (DS3) – 44.736 MBps on a T3

T1 – transmits DS-1 data at 1.544 MBps on telephone switching network

T3 – transmits DS-3 data at 44.736 MBps on telephone switching network

E1 – predominantly used in Europe and carries data at 2.108 MBps

E3 – predominantly used in Europe and carries data at 34.368 MBps

SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol)

• Developed in 1984 to support TCP/IP over low speed serial interfaces
• Using Windows NT RAS, NT computers can use TCP/IP and SLIP to communicate to remote hosts

PPP (Point to Point Protocol)

• Used over dial-up and dedicated links
• Includes login, password and error correction
• Operates at Layer 2 and uses CHAP and PAP

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)

• Integration of digital telephony and data transport
• Digitization of the telephone network, allowing voice, data, etc.
• Overtaken by DSL

xDSL (Digital Subscriber Line)

• Uses existing twisted pair telephone lines
• ADSL (Asymmetric DSL)
  • More bandwidth downstream (1.5 to 9 MBps) than upstream (16 to 640 KBps)
  • Works at 18000 ft theoretical lengths and 14400 ft practical lengths over copper twisted pair
• SDSL (Single-line DSL)
  • Provides from 144 KBps up to 1.544 MBps in both downstream and upstream traffic, depending on the distance from the carriers point of presence (POP) over copper twisted pair
  • Works at 10000 ft lengths
• HDSL (High-rate DSL)
  • 1.544 MBps both up and down over two copper twisted pair (T1 speed)
  • Can do 2.048 MBps on three copper twisted pair
• VDSL – (Very High-rate DSL)
  • 13-52 MBps down and 1.5 MB to 2.3 MBps upstream over single copper twisted pair operating range 1,000 – 4,500 feet

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-          Each process group is made up of a collection of processes used throughout the project life cycle

-          PMBOK Guide groups these processes into nine categories that it calls The Project Management Knowledge Areas

-          Knowledge Areas

• Bring together processes by commonalities, whereas Project Management Process Groups are more or less the order in which you perform the project management processes
• Nine Knowledge Areas are as follows:
  • Project Integration Management
  • Project Scope Management
  • Project Time Management
  • Project Cost Management
  • Project Quality Management
  • Project Human Resource Management
  • Project Communications Management
  • Project Risk Management
  • Project Procurement Management

Reference:

PMP Project Management Professional Exam Study Guide, Includes Audio CD

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• Physical & Data Link Layers
• Controls the use of a network

Ethernet 802.3

• Uses CSMA/CD
• Designed for sporadic traffic
• Defines a bus topology with 3 different cabling standards:
  • Thinnet (10Base2) – coax with segments up to 185 meters
  • Thicknet (10Base5) – coax with segments up to 500 meters
  • Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) – all devices connected to a hub or a switch

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ARCNet (802.5)

• Early LAN technologies
• Uses token passing in a Star topology on coax cable

Token Ring

• Second to Ethernet
• All end stations connected to a Multistation Access Unit (MSAU)
• One station is designated as the Active Monitor
• IF a transmitting station fails, the Active monitor will remove the token and generate a new one

Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)

• Dual token ring LAN at 100 MBps on Fiber
• Dual counter rotating rings only one active at a time
• Operates over long distances with minimal interference
• Predictable delays, deterministic
• Permits several tokens to be present at a time
• Expensive and requires special expertise
• Copper Distributed Data Interface – can be used with UTP cable, but subject to interference and length issues associated with copper

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Bus

• All transmissions travel full length of the cable and receive by all other stations
• Single point of failure n the cable
• If one of the links between any of the computers is broken, the network is down
• Primarily Ethernet
• These networks were originally designed to work with more sporadic traffic

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Ring

• Unidirectional transmission links form closed loop
• Token Ring and FDDI
• Similar to the Star topology, however there’s a device called a Multistation Access Unit (MAU)
• MAU works the same as a hub, but with Token Ring networks instead of Ethernet networks
• These networks were originally designed to serve large, bandwidth-intensive applications

Star

• Nodes connected to a central LAN or a junction box called a hub or a concentrator at the center of the network
• Provides reliability and often used by Bus and ring topology as the physical connection

Tree – branches can have multiple nodes

Mesh – all nodes are connected to every other node

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Twisted Pair Cable

• Relatively slow speed
• Two insulated wires can be shielded (STP0 or unshielded (UTP)
• UTP is four-pair medium and comes in several categories
• UTP can be easily tapped by eavesdroppers than the other cable types
• Category based on how tightly wound the wires are, the tighter the wind the higher the rating and the higher the resistance to interference
• Cat 1 UTP – was used for telephone lines, not good for data
• Cat 2 UTP – up to 4 MBps
• Cat 3 UTP – Used for 10BaseT networks up to 10 MBps
• Cat 4 UTP – Used in Token Ring Networks up to 16 MBps
• Cat 5 – Current UTP standard for new installations up to 100MBps
• Cat 6 UTP – up to 155MBps
• Cat 7 UTP – up to 1 GBps

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Planning to take the CISSP Exam? Get a copy of my personal notes (300plus pages worth) that I used to pass the exam for only $25.00. Click the Add To Cart Button to Purchase Plus you will also get copies of notes from other CISSPs. Learn more about this package by visiting this blog entry: CISSP REVIEW NOTES I USED TO PASS THE EXAM. CLICK BELOW TO MAKE YOUR PURCHASE NOW. All Purchases are securely processed through Paypal. Once you click the button please check your shopping cart at the upper right hand side of the page to complete your order. IMPORTANT NOTICE: I MANUALLY REVIEW ALL ORDERS. SO ONCE YOU PURCHASE THE PRODUCT, THERE WILL BE SOME DELAY ON YOU RECEIVING AN E-MAIL FROM ME WITH THE LINK TO THE DOWNLOAD AREA OF THE PRODUCT. YOU WILL GET A RESPONSE FROM ME WITHIN 24-48 HOURS. You may also want to consider these CISSP resources from Amazon.com

Coaxial Cable

• Hollow outer conductor surrounds inner wire conductor
• Currently two types of LAN
  • 50-ohm Cable for digital signaling
  • 75-ohm Cable for analog signaling and high-speed digital signaling
• More expensive, but is more resistant to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
• Used rarely except in Broadband communications
• Comes in two types:
  • Thinnet – RG58
  • Thicknet RG8 and RG11
• Two common types of coaxial transmission methods:
  • Baseband – The cable carries a single channel
  • Broadband – Cable carries several channels

Fiber Optic Cable

• Conducts modulated light transmission
• Light waves are faster and travel greater distances
• Difficult to tap
• Resistant to EMI
• Usually connects backbones in larger networks
• Can be used to connect workstations to the network
• Expensive to install and to terminate

LAN Transmission Protocols

• Rules for communication between computers on a LAN
• Formatting of the data frame, the timing and sequencing of packet delivery, and resolution of error states

Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)

• Foundation of the Ethernet protocol
• Workstation continuously monitors the line waiting until it thinks it is free
• If the workstation doesn’t receive an acknowledgement from the destination to which it sent the packet, it assumes a collision has occurred and it resends the packet
  • Persistent Carrier Sense – Unless it receives an acknowledgement it will resend
  • Non-persistent Carrier Sense – Waits a random amount of time before it resends

CSMA/CA

• Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Avoidance
• Workstations connected to two coax cables, one to send and one to receive data

CSMA/CD

• Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection
• If the host detects another signal while transmitting it will send a jam signal causing all nodes to stop sending data
• Nodes will wait to resend
• Designed to avoid collisions

Polling

• A primary workstation polls another at a predetermined time to determine if it has data to transmit
• Primary must give permission to others to transmit

Token Passing

• Token Ring, FDDI and ARCnet
• Cannot transmit without the token
• Each station can hold token for maximum predetermined amount of time

LAN Transmission Methods

• Refer to the way packets are sent on the network
• Unicast – from single source to single destination
• Multicast – source copied and sent to multiple destinations
• Broadcast – source copied and sent to all nodes on the network

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Mail Services – Send and receive e-mail internally and externally

Print Services – Print documents to shared printers

Client/Server Services – Allocate computing resources among workstations

Planning to take the CISSP Exam? Get a copy of my personal notes (300plus pages worth) that I used to pass the exam for only $25.00. Click the Add To Cart Button to Purchase Plus you will also get copies of notes from other CISSPs. Learn more about this package by visiting this blog entry: CISSP REVIEW NOTES I USED TO PASS THE EXAM. CLICK BELOW TO MAKE YOUR PURCHASE NOW. All Purchases are securely processed through Paypal. Once you click the button please check your shopping cart at the upper right hand side of the page to complete your order. IMPORTANT NOTICE: I MANUALLY REVIEW ALL ORDERS. SO ONCE YOU PURCHASE THE PRODUCT, THERE WILL BE SOME DELAY ON YOU RECEIVING AN E-MAIL FROM ME WITH THE LINK TO THE DOWNLOAD AREA OF THE PRODUCT. YOU WILL GET A RESPONSE FROM ME WITHIN 24-48 HOURS. You may also want to consider these CISSP resources from Amazon.com

Domain Name Service

• Matches Internet Uniform Resource Locator (URL) with the actual IP address of the server providing the URL
• Maps host names to IP addresses
• Domain Name System (DNS) – global network of servers that provide this service

-          Most projects are divided into phases, and all projects, large or small, have a similar project life cycle structure

-          Project Phases

• Generally consist of segments of work that allow for easier management, planning and control of the work

-          Project Life Cycle

• All the collective phases the project processes through in concert
• Similar for all projects regardless of their size and complexity
• Phases are typically sequential, and sometimes overlap each other
• Most projects at least the 4 following project life cycles:
  • Beginning the project
  • Planning and organizing the work of the project
  • Performing the work of the project
  • Closing out the project

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Handoffs

-          Project phases evolve through the life cycle in a series of phase sequences

-          A.k.a. technical transfers

Phase Completion

-          Has a specific deliverable or multiple deliverables

-          Deliverable

• An output that must be produced, reviewed and approved to bring the phase or project to completion
• Tangible and can be measured and easily proven

-          Phase End Review

• Allows those involved with the work to determine whether the project should continue on to the next phase
• Per the PMBOK Guide: a.k.a. phase exits, phase gates, milestones, stage gates, decision gates and kill points

Multi-phased Projects

-          Projects may consist of one or more phases

-          Phases of the project are often performed sequentially, but there are situations where performing phases concurrently or overlapping the start date of a sequential phase can benefit the project

-          Per PMBOK Guide: Three types of phase-to-phase relationships:

• Sequential relationships – one phase must finish before the next phase can begin
• Overlapping relationships – one phase starts before the prior phase completes
• Iterative relationships – work for the subsequent phases are planned as the work of the previous phase is performed

-          Sometimes phases are overlapped to shorten or compress the project schedule otherwise known as Fast-tracking

-          Fast Tracking – means that a later phase is started prior to completing and approving the phase, or phases, that come before it, technique is used to shorten the overall duration of the project

Most projects have the following characteristics in common:

-          Cost are low in the beginning of the project, when the project is just being initiated

-          During initiation/project beginning only a few team members are assigned to the project

-          Cost and staffing and increases as the project progresses and tapers off as it gets to closing

-          Successful ending potential a project is lowest in the beginning; chances for success increases as the project progresses through its phases and life cycle stages

-          Risk is highest at the beginning of the project and gradually decreases the closer the project comes to completion

-          Stakeholders have the greatest chance of influencing the project and the characteristics of the product, service or result of the project in the beginning phases and have less and less influence as the project progresses

Reference:

PMP Project Management Professional Exam Study Guide, Includes Audio CD

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• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
• Internet, Intranet and Extranet

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Local Area Networks (LAN)

• Discrete network for limited geographical area like a building or a single floor
• Two LAN Variations
  • CAN (Campus Area Network) – connects multiple buildings with each other over a switched backbone
  • MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) – LAN over a city wide metropolitan area
• Both CAN and MAN can have a connection fot WAN

Wide Area Networks (WAN)

• Network of sub-networks that interconnect LANs over large geographic areas
• Everything outside of the LAN (router is involved)

Planning to take the CISSP Exam? Get a copy of my personal notes (300plus pages worth) that I used to pass the exam for only $25.00. Click the Add To Cart Button to Purchase Plus you will also get copies of notes from other CISSPs. Learn more about this package by visiting this blog entry: CISSP REVIEW NOTES I USED TO PASS THE EXAM. CLICK BELOW TO MAKE YOUR PURCHASE NOW. All Purchases are securely processed through Paypal. Once you click the button please check your shopping cart at the upper right hand side of the page to complete your order. IMPORTANT NOTICE: I MANUALLY REVIEW ALL ORDERS. SO ONCE YOU PURCHASE THE PRODUCT, THERE WILL BE SOME DELAY ON YOU RECEIVING AN E-MAIL FROM ME WITH THE LINK TO THE DOWNLOAD AREA OF THE PRODUCT. YOU WILL GET A RESPONSE FROM ME WITHIN 24-48 HOURS. You may also want to consider these CISSP resources from Amazon.com

Internet – WAN originally funded by the DoD and uses TCP/IP

Intranet

• Internet-like logical network that uses a companies internal physical network structure
• More security and control than Internet
• Uses Internet tools like browsers

Extranet

• Extranet can be accessed by users outside of the company, (i.e. vendors and partners), but not the general public
• Includes come type of authentication or encryption

Asynchronous vs. Synchronous Communications

• Asynchronous
  • Basis of modem and dial-up remote access
  • Must operate at same speed
  • Start and stop bits mark the beginning and the end of each transfer
• Synchronous – very high speed and governed by clock timing signals

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-          Came about to minimize the difference between, and take advantage of, the strengths and weaknesses of functional and projectized organizations

-          Employees in matrix organizations report to one functional manager and to at least one project manager

-          It’s possible for one employee to report to multiple project managers if they are working on multiple projects at one time

-          Functional managers assign employees to projects, while project managers assign the tasks associated with the projects

-          Just as in a projectized organization, allow project managers ro focus on the project and project work

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-          Strong Matrix Organization

• The balance of power rests with the project manager
• Project managers have the ability to strong arm the functional managers to give up the best resources for projects

-          Weak Matrix Organization

• Functional managers have the power
• Project managers are project coordinators/expeditors with part-time responsibilities
• Project managers have little to no authority, simply expedites the projects
• Functional managers have all the authority, and make all the work assignments

-          Balanced Matrix

• Power is balanced between the functional manager and the project manager
• Each manager has the responsibility for their parts of the project or organization, and employees get assigned to projects based on the needs of the projects, not the strength or weakness of the manager’s position

Reference:

PMP Project Management Professional Exam Study Guide, Includes Audio CD

Check out this PMP Review Resources from Amazon.com