CISSP Exam Note (Telecommunications and Networking Security Domain) – Data Networking Technologies

March 29, 2010 · Posted in Don's eBook Report, InfoSec Docs, Information Security, Information Systems, Information Technology, Internet Docs, eBooks, etc... 

LAN Cabling Types

Twisted Pair Cable

  • Relatively slow speed
  • Two insulated wires can be shielded (STP0 or unshielded (UTP)
  • UTP is four-pair medium and comes in several categories
  • UTP can be easily tapped by eavesdroppers than the other cable types
  • Category based on how tightly wound the wires are, the tighter the wind the higher the rating and the higher the resistance to interference
  • Cat 1 UTP – was used for telephone lines, not good for data
  • Cat 2 UTP – up to 4 MBps
  • Cat 3 UTP – Used for 10BaseT networks up to 10 MBps
  • Cat 4 UTP – Used in Token Ring Networks up to 16 MBps
  • Cat 5 – Current UTP standard for new installations up to 100MBps
  • Cat 6 UTP – up to 155MBps
  • Cat 7 UTP – up to 1 GBps

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Coaxial Cable

  • Hollow outer conductor surrounds inner wire conductor
  • Currently two types of LAN
    • 50-ohm Cable for digital signaling
    • 75-ohm Cable for analog signaling and high-speed digital signaling
  • More expensive, but is more resistant to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
  • Used rarely except in Broadband communications
  • Comes in two types:
    • Thinnet – RG58
    • Thicknet RG8 and RG11
  • Two common types of coaxial transmission methods:
    • Baseband – The cable carries a single channel
    • Broadband – Cable carries several channels

Fiber Optic Cable

  • Conducts modulated light transmission
  • Light waves are faster and travel greater distances
  • Difficult to tap
  • Resistant to EMI
  • Usually connects backbones in larger networks
  • Can be used to connect workstations to the network
  • Expensive to install and to terminate

LAN Transmission Protocols

  • Rules for communication between computers on a LAN
  • Formatting of the data frame, the timing and sequencing of packet delivery, and resolution of error states

Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)

  • Foundation of the Ethernet protocol
  • Workstation continuously monitors the line waiting until it thinks it is free
  • If the workstation doesn’t receive an acknowledgement from the destination to which it sent the packet, it assumes a collision has occurred and it resends the packet
    • Persistent Carrier Sense – Unless it receives an acknowledgement it will resend
    • Non-persistent Carrier Sense – Waits a random amount of time before it resends

CSMA/CA

  • Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Avoidance
  • Workstations connected to two coax cables, one to send and one to receive data

CSMA/CD

  • Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection
  • If the host detects another signal while transmitting it will send a jam signal causing all nodes to stop sending data
  • Nodes will wait to resend
  • Designed to avoid collisions

Polling

  • A primary workstation polls another at a predetermined time to determine if it has data to transmit
  • Primary must give permission to others to transmit

Token Passing

  • Token Ring, FDDI and ARCnet
  • Cannot transmit without the token
  • Each station can hold token for maximum predetermined amount of time

LAN Transmission Methods

  • Refer to the way packets are sent on the network
  • Unicast – from single source to single destination
  • Multicast – source copied and sent to multiple destinations
  • Broadcast – source copied and sent to all nodes on the network

You may also want to consider these CISSP resources from Amazon.com

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