CISSP Exam Note (Domain 2: Telecommunications and Networking Security) – Virtual Private Networks

March 16, 2010 · Posted in Don's eBook Report, InfoSec Docs, Information Security, Information Technology 

Virtual Private Networks

  • Secure connection between two nodes using secret encapsulation method
  • Secure Encrypted Tunnel – encapsulated tunnel (encryption may or may not be used)
  • Tunnel can be created by the following three methods:
    • Installing software or agents on the client or network gateway
    • Implementing user or node authentication systems
    • Implementing key and certificate exchange systems

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VPN Protocol Standards

PPTP – Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol

  • Works at the data link layer
  • Single point to point connection from client to server
  • Common with asynchronous connections with NT and Win 95

L2TP – Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol

  • Combination of PPTP and earlier Layer 2 Forwarding Protocol (L2F)
  • Multiple protocols can be encapsulated within the L2TP
  • Single point to point connection from client to server
  • Common with Dial-up VPNs

IPSec

  • Operates at the network layer
  • Allows multiple and simultaneous tunnels
  • Encrypt and authenticate IP data
  • Focuses more on Network to Network Connectivity

VPN Devices

  • Hardware and Software devices that utilize VPN standards
  • Two types:
    • IPSec Compatible
    • Non-IPSec Compatible

IPSec Compatible

  • Installed on a network perimeter and encrypt traffic between two networks
  • Only works with IP
  • Operates at the Network Layer
  • Two modes:
    • Tunnel Mode – entire packet is encrypted and encased in the IPSec packet
    • Transport Mode – only datagram is encrypted leaving IP address visible
  • Datagram – self-contained, independent entity of data carrying sufficient information to be routed from the source to the destination

Non-IPSec Compatible

  • Common non-IPSec compatible includes: SOCKS, PPTP and SSH
  • SOCKS is not a traditional VPN protocol, but is robust and operates at the application layer
  • PPTP was implemented in Win95 and NT
    • Multiprotocol and uses PAP and CHAP user authentication
    • Compresses data
    • End-to-End encryption
  • Secure Shell SSH-2 – Not strictly VPN but can be used as one with terminal session

Firewall-based VPNs

  • Frequently available with 3rd Generation (Stateful Inspection) Firewalls
  • Operates at the application layer
  • Performance degradation is often a problem

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